Jewels of Rajasthan

Rajasthan, men and women traditionally wore necklaces, armlets, anklets, earrings and rings. With the advent of the Mughal Empire, Rajasthan became a major centre for production of the finest kind of jewellery. It was a true blend of the Mughal with the Rajasthani craftsmanship. The Mughals brought sophisticated design & technical know-how of the Persians with them.

Thewa pendant
The common link was the inherently decorative nature of the Muslim and Hindu Art. The synthesis of the two cultures resulted in a period of grandeur and brilliance that dazzlel the eyes of foreigners and has passed into legend.
Rajasthan, men and women traditionally wore necklaces, armlets, anklets, earrings and rings. With the advent of the Mughal Empire, Rajasthan became a major centre for production of the finest kind of jewellery. It was a true blend of the Mughal with the Rajasthani craftsmanship. The Mughals brought sophisticated design & technical know-how of the Persians with them. The common link was the inherently decorative nature of the Muslim and Hindu Art. The synthesis of the two cultures resulted in a period of grandeur and brilliance that dazzlel the eyes of foreigners and has passed into legend.

Making of bangles
The jewellers of Rajasthan specialised in the setting of precious stories into gold and the enamelling of gold. Jaipur, and to some extent Alwar, emerged as the enamelling centres par excellence in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Enamelling was introduced by Maharaja Man Singh who had cordial relations with Akbar. The enamelled gold staff of the Maharaja is unsurpassed even today for its brilliant colours.

For enamelling, the piece to be worked on is fixed on a stick of lac and delicate designs of flowers, birds and fishes etched on it.

A wall is made to hold the colours, while engravings are made in the grooves to heighten the interplay of the transparent shades, thus enhancing the beauty of the jewel. The surface is fully burnished by agate; then the enamel colours are filled in painstakingly as in a miniature painting. The article is then justify in the oven on a mica plate to keep it off the fire.Colours are applied in order of their hardness; those requiring more heat first, those requiring less, later.

Bejewelled tribal belle

When set, it is rubbed gently with the file and cleaned with lemon or tamarind. The craftsmen in Jaipur are believed to have originally come from Lahore. In Jaipur the traditional Mughal colours of red, green and white are most commonly used in enamelling.
A quintessentially Indian technique and a speciality of Rajasthan is the setting of stones by means of Kundan, the jewellery in which stones are set, is rarely solid gold, it has a core of lac, a natural resin. The pieces which make up the finished object are first shaped by specialised craftsmen (and soldered together if the shape is complicated) and justify in separate hollow halves. Holes are cut for the stones, any engraving or chasing is carried out, and the pieces are enamelled. When the stones are to be set, lac is inserted in the back, and is then visible in the front through the holes.
Highly refined gold, the kundan, is then used to cover the lac and the stone is pushed into the kundan.
More kundan is applied around the edges to strengthen the setting and give it a neat appearance. This was the only form of setting for stones in gold until claw settings were introduced under the influence of western jewellery in the nineteenth century.
More than one craftsman was often involved in the making of a single piece of jewellery. The chiterias made the design, the ghaarias the engraving, the meenakari as the enameller and the sunar was the goldsmith. These craftsmen received patronage from the nobles and the kings, and therefore, they did not have to compromise their art for the sake of popular taste.

Meena work on back of necklace

They could take as long as they liked over a piece of jewellery.Many of the oId styles remain unchanged to this day. In Pratapgarh a special type of quasi-enamelling is done in which extremely fine work on gold is daintily carried out on green enamel which forms the base.In Nathdwara a good deal of enamel work, on silver and other metals is done nowadays as a futherance to this famous age old craft.The State Government of Rajasthan is committed to the revival of traditional crafts of Rajasthan and providing of employment opportunities for aspiring artisans.

The Masculine Jewellery : Vanity, a love of opulence and deep aesthetic sense gave the Rajas and Ranas of Rajasthan a great fondness for jewellery. The men were as elaborately and dazzlingly dressed as the women, with jewellery that often rivalled that of their wives.
Tiger claw necklace-lucky charm It was a status symbol and a portable display of wealth, and consequently, power.
Turban jewellery was the prerogative of the king, his close family or the members of his entourage (including his horse). The turban it-self would be heavily encrusted with jewels and fastened with a gem set kalangi or aigrette. Men also wore necklaces of pearls and precious stones, carring jewelled sashes around their waists and several rings on every finger.

The ornament worn in front on the turban is called a sarpech. It was often extended into a golden band set with emeralds, rubies, diamonds. Pearls were greatly valued by the Maharajas and they often wore double or triple strings of pearls with pendants of precious stones round their necks.
The sashes round their waists were heavily jewelled as were the clasps or buckles of their sword belts.
Masculine jewellery was not confined to articles worn on the body alone. The Rajasthani princes had gold epulets, gem encrusted sword hilts, dagger sheaths, sword scabbards and hookah mouthpieces.
The commoner of Rajasthan has traditionally worn jewellery too, though what he wears is made from more modest metals like silver, and gems are substituted by coloured glass.
Earrings, armlets and anklets of silver are still commonly seen adoming the rural Rajasthani male. Males also wear
necklaces, earrings and lucky charms which are considered to ward off evil.

Feminine jewellery is more complex than masculine jewellery. Jewellery in India is worn as a complete ensemble, and not as an accessory. It is thus quite acceptable to wear more than one necklace around the neck, also in the ears, on the arms and the ankles, rings on the toes and fingers, ornaments on the forehead, in the hair, and so on, any number to be worn at the same time.

So it is not surprising that the royal ladies of Rajasthan were bedecked from head toe in jewels, so much so that it sometimes was a mystery as to how they could carry the weight of all the jewellery worn.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE HEAD

The ladies of the royal family of Rajasthan wore atleast half a dozen kinds of hair jewellery at one time, each with its own name and specific function. The most common head jewel is the bindi, which has a central pendant hanging from a string of fine pearls and is worn down the parting of the hair with the pendant resting in the middle of the forehead A variant of this is called the borla in which the central pendant is semi-spherical and set with precious stones and a fringe of fine pearls. Chains of gold, shaped like the lotus and other flowers are worn across the length of the plait. There are flower-shaped hair pins and hair combs beautifully enamelled and set with stones.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE NOSE
The nath is a nose ornament which, when worn, is considered to bring good fortune. It is often a ring of fine gold with a pearl threaded between two rubies in its central part. There are many other kinds of nose rings as well.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE EARS

The kinds of earrings worn are too many to enumerate, but the main styles are the karanphool jhumka, literally the flower of the ear, shaped like a star. The phool jhumka is like a bell shaped flower, toti is the image of a parrot, lathan is the image of a grape, papal patti is shaped like a pipal leaf. A special type of earring is one which runs along the entire shape of the outer ear with an ear top and jhoomka attached to the lower half. Sometimes, strings of fine pearls run from the earring into the hair, and pearls are also threaded through the hair.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE FOOT

The foot ornaments are of two types- the toe rings and the anklets. The toe rings for the big toe are and are called amvat. The rings for the other toes are modelled in the shapes of fish, flowers, or just circles of gsaranules on the surface. There are also double toe rings which cover the entire toe. There is a great exuberance in the designs of the anklets.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE WAIST
The women also wear girdles and belts around their waists. These are usually made of gold and set with rubies emeralds and diamonds. Belts are usually broad bands of flattened, twisted metal in silver or gold, encrusted with gems, and embossed with exquisite designs. They are usually finished off with clusters of beads at the rims. The Kardhani is made of various chains, each a little longer than the previous one and all held together with metalbands.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE ARM

There is an enormous range in armlets and the most common ones are gold bands with precious stones. The wearing of ornainentv, on the wrists and forearm follows a special pattern. The smallest bangle to fit the wrist is the kada, which is a thick rounded bangle with various decorations on it. The two ends are usually carved with replicas of the heads of animals and birds like elephants, lions or parrots. Then come bangles, any number of them in various shapes and designs. Here may be the chuda which is sometimes made of ivory inlaid W1ith gold. The last item is the pail, which is a plain bangle that highlights the ostentation of therest of the ornaments that go before it.

The hathphool is a bangle with rings connected to it by chains that lie over the back of the hand. There is a central flower which connects it all together. The rings are of a great variety. A quaint & charming ring is the arsi , with a tiny mirror and worn on the ring finger.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE NECK

Jewellery for the neck is one of the most important items of jewellery and there is a bewildering range strings, sometimes with rubies and emeralds strung with them or with gem studded pendants, are worn double and triple strings. There is the chandan haar (a necklace gold sequins), the mohanmala ( anecklace of beads resembling melon seeds), champakali (a string of flowers stylised in the shape of the champa), the mohurn, the jugnu, the hansli(a gold collar or ring, thick in the middle and tapering towards the ends)